Epitalon vs Thymalin and Epithalamin: Key Differences

Epitalon, Epithalamin, and Thymalin stem from the same historical tradition of peptide bioregulator research, but they are distinct substances. Epitalon is a defined AEDG tetrapeptide, Epithalamin is a complex peptide preparation derived from bovine pineal tissue, while Thymalin is a polypeptide complex derived from the thymus, studied primarily in the context of thymus and immune system function. [1–5]

The similarity in names, as well as the common connection to researchers such as Vladimir Khavinson, Vladimir Morozov, and Vladimir Anisimov, and to research on aging and peptide bioregulators, can create the impression that these three compounds are more closely related than they actually are.

Epithalamin and Thymalin are complex peptide preparations derived from the pineal gland and the thymus, respectively. Epitalon differs from them in that it is a defined synthetic peptide composed of four amino acids: Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly (AEDG). It was developed based on research into the amino acid composition of Epithalamin and was subsequently detected in the pineal polypeptide complex. [1,2]

This structural distinction is of great importance when interpreting scientific literature. The results of clinical studies concerning Epithalamin should not be automatically presented as evidence regarding Epitalon. Similarly, studies conducted using Thymalin cannot be treated as evidence regarding any of the preparations related to the pineal gland.

How Does Epitalon Differ from Epithalamin?

Epitalon is a chemically defined tetrapeptide with the sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly (AEDG), whereas Epithalamin is a complex polypeptide preparation historically extracted from bovine pineal tissue. Although Epitalon was developed based on the amino acid composition of Epithalamin and replicated similar biological effects in some experiments, the two preparations are neither chemically identical nor clinically interchangeable. [1,2]

Historically, Epithalamin preceded Epitalon.

A 2025 review of Epitalon outlines research on Epithalamin dating back to the 1970s and describes the preparation as a bovine-derived pineal polypeptide extract. Much of the early research was conducted by Khavinson, Anisimov, Morozov, and their colleagues. [1]

Epitalon was subsequently developed as a much more precisely chemically defined research compound.

The same review identifies Epitalon, also called Epithalon or Epithalone, as the tetrapeptide AEDG, synthesized based on the amino acid composition associated with Epithalamin. [1]

Some older publications describe Epitalon as an active fragment or a synthetic analogue of Epithalamin. For example, a 2002 review by Khavinson presented Epitalon as a pineal gland-derived tetrapeptide designed to reproduce part of the biological effects previously observed with Epithalamin. [2]

However, this does not mean that Epithalamin consists solely of AEDG.

The fundamental difference can be summarized as follows:

• Epithalamin: a complex peptide preparation derived from pineal gland tissue.
• Epitalon: a defined synthetic tetrapeptide AEDG.

Therefore, their evidentiary bases should be analyzed separately.

Human studies conducted with the use of Epithalamin should not be reclassified as Epitalon clinical trials just because both compounds were developed within the same research program.

More information about AEDG itself can be found in the article What Is Epitalon Peptide? Definition, Names and Sequence.

How does Epitalon differ from Thymalin?

Epitalon is a synthetic AEDG tetrapeptide studied mainly in the context of pineal gland biology, melatonin, telomeres, and aging. Thymalin, on the other hand, is a complex polypeptide preparation derived from thymic tissue and has been studied primarily with regard to thymic function, T lymphocytes, hematopoiesis, and immune system regulation. Their origin, composition, and main areas of research thus differ significantly. [1,3–5]

Thymalin originates from a distinct tissue extract research program.

Early work by Morozov and Khavinson concerned extracts from human and calf thymus tissue and biologically active peptide fractions with immunomodulatory properties. [3]

Newer publications still describe Thymalin as a polypeptide complex isolated from thymus tissue. [4]

Consequently, a significant portion of his experimental literature focuses on immunological processes.

A 2020 experiment using human hematopoietic stem cells demonstrated that Thymalin decreased the expression of stem cell markers CD44 and CD117, while simultaneously increasing the expression of CD28. The researchers interpreted these results as indicating greater differentiation toward mature immune cell phenotypes. [4]

However, it was a mechanistic experiment on cells and does not prove generalized immune enhancement in healthy humans.

Previous experimental and clinical studies have also analyzed Thymalin in the context of T lymphocyte differentiation and their functional activity. [5]

The research profile of Epitalon is different. The literature concerning Epitalon includes research on melatonin, pineal gland physiology, telomeres and telomerase, chromatin, the retina, oxidative stress pathways, and animal models of aging. [1]

These differences describe their research histories and should not be interpreted as approved therapeutic indications.

Are Epithalamin and Epitalon Interchangeable?

No. Epithalamin and Epitalon are historically related and in some experimental models have shown partially similar results, but they differ in composition. Epithalamin is a multi-peptide pineal gland preparation, whereas Epitalon consists of a single defined tetrapeptide, AEDG. Therefore, results obtained for one preparation cannot be automatically attributed to the other. [1,2,6]

Part of the confusion stems from older literature describing Epitalon as a compound reproducing some of the biological effects previously observed with Epithalamin.

For example, Khavinson's review on peptides and aging described that Epitalon reproduced several effects associated with Epithalamin, including results regarding the pineal gland and gerontological studies. [2]

Both compounds have also appeared together in research on antioxidant biology. One review discussed rodent experiments in which both Epithalamin and Epitalon affected parameters related to oxidative stress and antioxidant systems. [7]

However, similar experimental results do not imply chemical equivalence.

Because Epithalamin contains multiple peptide components, its observed effects could theoretically result from AEDG, other peptides present in the preparation, interactions between multiple components, or a combination of these factors.

Epitalon eliminates a significant part of this compositional complexity because it contains a single defined peptide sequence.

This distinction is of particular importance when interpreting human studies.

Often cited long-term studies involving older adults regarding pineal and thymus-related peptide bioregulators used Epithalamin, not Epitalon. [8,9]

Therefore, these studies should continue to be classified as Epithalamin studies and should not be presented as direct clinical evidence regarding AEDG Epitalon.

What is a Peptide Bioregulator?

„Peptide bioregulator” is a term commonly used in Khavinson's research literature to describe tissue-derived peptide complexes and short synthetic peptides that are attributed with the ability to regulate specific cellular or organ functions. This is primarily a research and conceptual classification, rather than a formal drug class recognized by the FDA, EMA, or standard pharmacology. [2,10,11]

This concept originates from research on low-molecular-weight peptide fractions derived from various tissues.

Research programs included preparations related to:

• pineal gland;
• thymus;
• cerebral cortex;
• volleyball;
• prostate;
• liver;
• and other organs.

Next, shorter synthetic peptides were developed to reproduce or model selected biological activities associated with some of the more complex preparations. [2]

This approach led to the creation of related research pairs, such as Epithalamin and Epitalon, where a complex tissue-derived preparation and a defined short peptide were studied in partially overlapping biological areas.

An example of the concept of potential tissue specificity is experiments in organotypic cultures. In one study, Cortexin, Epithalamin, Hepalin, and Thymalin were compared with synthetic peptides, including Cortagen, Epitalon, Livagen, and Vilon. The researchers noted concentration- and tissue-dependent effects on the development of explants. [11]

Experiments of this kind contributed to the development of the bioregulator concept used in this research tradition.

However, this term does not mean that all peptide bioregulators have a single fixed mechanism of action, standardized efficacy, the same regulatory status, or shared clinical indications.

For the sake of scientific precision and SEO, the more accurate phrasing is:

„Peptide bioregulator” is a term used in the literature on Khavinson's peptide research.

Which Researchers Are Associated with These Compounds?

Vladimir Khavinson and Vladimir Morozov were among the main researchers in the early development of research on peptide bioregulators of the thymus and pineal gland. Vladimir Anisimov later became an important collaborator in gerontological and oncological research concerning Epithalamin and Epitalon. Natalia Linkova, along with many other Russian and international collaborators, also participated in more recent work. [1,3,6,8]

Vladimir Khavinson and Vladimir Morozov

Khavinson and Morozov played a key role in early research on Thymalin and other tissue-derived peptide preparations.

Their 1981 publication analyzed peptide material with immunomodulatory properties obtained from human and calf thymus tissue. [3]

Another publication from 1982 described experimental and clinical studies of Thymalin as an immunoregulatory preparation. [12]

Khavinson and Morozov later also published long-term studies on Thymalin and Epithalamin in the elderly. [8]

Vladimir Anisimov

Anisimov played a particularly important role in research related to aging and cancer concerning Epithalamin and Epitalon.

A 1994 review by Anisimov, Khavinson, and Morozov summarized about two decades of experimental gerontological and oncological research on Epithalamin. [6]

Anisimov subsequently co-authored numerous animal studies on Epitalon, analyzing lifespan and the development of spontaneous tumors.

Natalia Linkova and Later Collaborators

Recent mechanistic studies on both thymic peptides and Epitalon included the work of Linkova and colleagues.

For example, a 2020 Thymalin study analyzed the effects related to the differentiation of human hematopoietic stem cells. Other studies focused on individual short peptides associated with the Thymalin preparation. [4,13]

A significant portion of this literature comes from interconnected research networks. This does not invalidate the findings, but it increases the importance of independent replication before drawing broad clinical conclusions.

What Evidence Exists for Each of These Compounds?

The evidence bases differ significantly. Epithalamin has older animal and human research literature in the context of gerontology and endocrine function. Thymalin has experimental and clinical studies focused primarily on immune system functions. Epitalon has a broad cellular and animal data set, but a significantly more limited amount of human studies. These three compounds should not be considered as having an equivalent level of evidence just because they belong to the same historical peptide bioregulator research program. [1,4,8,9]

Evidence Regarding Epitalon

Out of these three compounds, Epitalon has an extensive modern mechanistic literature as a chemically defined short peptide.

The research includes experiments on human cells regarding telomerase and telomeres, chromatin analyses in cultured lymphocytes, animal models of longevity and cancer, melatonin studies in non-human primates, retinal studies, and more recent molecular analyses.

A comprehensive 2025 review summarizes the extensive preclinical literature while highlighting unresolved questions regarding the mechanism of action and safety. [1]

The key limitation is that the scope of Epitalon cell and animal studies is significantly greater than the strength of contemporary human clinical evidence.

Evidence Regarding Epithalamin

Epithalamin has a long research history that precedes the development of Epitalon.

A 1994 review summarized approximately two decades of gerontological and oncological research on this pineal peptide preparation. [6]

Studies involving humans were also published.

One long-term study involved 266 elderly participants receiving Thymalin, Epithalamin, both preparations, or a comparator treatment for several years. The authors described favorable health status and mortality outcomes in the peptide-receiving groups. [8]

Another randomized controlled trial observed elderly patients with coronary artery disease receiving repeated courses of Epithalamin along with basic treatment. Reported outcomes included changes in the daily melatonin rhythm, metabolic parameters, physical performance, and long-term mortality. [9]

These historical observations are interesting, but they require careful interpretation. The way the research was reported, the characteristics of the intervention, independent replication, and other methodological aspects do not meet the evidentiary standards currently expected when confirming geroprotective therapies.

Evidence Regarding Thymalin

Thymalin has older experimental and clinical literature focused largely on the regulation of the immune system.

Early studies described effects related to T cell differentiation and cell-mediated immune function. [5,12]

Newer cellular experiments continue to analyze Thymalin in the context of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation and immune system-related markers. [4]

Thymalin has also appeared in clinical trials concerning specific diseases, including older oncological studies where it was evaluated as an adjunctive immunomodulatory intervention. These results should not be interpreted as evidence that Thymalin alone cures cancers. [14]

Although the historical literature regarding these three compounds partially overlaps, their evidence bases address very different biological questions.

Has Epitalon been studied in combination with Thymalin?

No robust peer-reviewed clinical study evaluating Epitalon and Thymalin as a fixed combination has been identified. However, there are studies concerning the combination of Thymalin with Epithalamin, as well as laboratory studies in which Epitalon and Thymalin appeared in the same experimental comparisons. Neither of these types of studies confirms the efficacy, safety, or synergy of the Epitalon-Thymalin combination. [8,15]

This distinction is particularly important because Epitalon and Epithalamin are often confused in online discussions.

There are actual studies involving humans regarding:

Thymalin + Epithalamin

They should not be automatically rewritten as:

Thymalin + Epitalon.

One of the best-known studies involved 266 elderly individuals followed for about six to eight years, with peptide preparations administered in the first years of the study. Participants received Thymalin, Epithalamin, or both preparations together. The authors reported lower mortality during follow-up in the groups receiving the peptides, including significant differences in participants using both preparations. [8]

Another group was to receive annual courses of Thymalin and Epithalamin for six years, and the authors noted lower mortality compared to the control groups. [8]

These historical data are relevant for research on the Thymalin–Epithalamin combination.

However, replacing Epithalamin with Epitalon would change the studied intervention, because Epithalamin is a complex pineal preparation, whereas Epitalon is a single AEDG tetrapeptide.

Epitalon and Thymalin have also appeared in the same laboratory experiments. For example, a 2022 study analyzed Epitalon, Vilon, Thymogen, Thymalin, and Chonluten on the human monocytic cell line THP-1. Each compound was evaluated as a separate intervention rather than as an Epitalon–Thymalin mixture. [15]

Studies on organotypic cultures also compared Epithalamin, Thymalin, Epitalon, and other synthetic peptides as separate preparations. [11]

Available evidence therefore does not support the claim of a demonstrated clinical synergy between Epitalon and Thymalin.

Why Are Pineal and Thymus Peptides Often Discussed Together?

Pineal- and thymus-related peptides often appear together because both the pineal gland and the thymus undergo significant functional changes associated with age. Khavinson's research program therefore analyzed possible relationships between neuroendocrine aging and immune system aging. Experimental results indicate intersystem effects of the pineal- and thymus-related peptide preparations, but do not prove that combining them leads to better clinical outcomes. [8,16]

The pineal gland and the thymus perform very different physiological functions.

The pineal gland is strongly involved in melatonin production and neuroendocrine signaling of the circadian rhythm.

The thymus plays a key role in T lymphocyte maturation and immune development.

Both systems undergo significant changes in the aging process, which served as the basis for investigating whether peptide preparations related to one of them can affect age-related changes in the other.

A 2011 review analyzed the relationships between the involution of the pineal gland and the thymus, and discussed experiments involving Epithalamin, Epitalon, Thymalin, and Thymogen. Within the framework of this research concept, the authors suggested that pineal peptides exerted a stronger influence on age-related changes in the thymus than thymic peptides did on changes in the pineal gland. [16]

Related studies also analyzed the effect of pineal peptides on thymus functioning associated with aging.

These observations provide an interesting basis for further intersystem research.

They do not prove, however, that the combination of Epitalon and Thymalin improves lifespan, immunity, or endocrine aging in humans.

Epitalon vs Epithalamin vs Thymalin – Comparison

The most important structural distinction is that Epitalon is a single chemically defined peptide, whereas Epithalamin and Thymalin are complex peptide preparations of tissue origin.

Frequently Asked Questions about Epitalon, Epithalamin and Thymalin

Is Epithalamin the same as Epitalon?

No. Epithalamin is a complex peptide preparation derived from bovine pineal tissue, whereas Epitalon is a defined synthetic tetrapeptide AEDG. Epitalon was developed as a result of research into the amino acid composition of Epithalamin and reproduced some similar experimental results, but evidence regarding Epithalamin cannot be automatically attributed to Epitalon. [1,2]

Is Epithalon another name for Epithalamin?

No. Epithalon is an alternative spelling of Epitalon referring to the tetrapeptide AEDG. Epithalamin, on the other hand, is an older, complex pineal peptide preparation.

Due to the similarity of their names, these compounds are often confused, even though they represent chemically distinct research materials. [1]

Is Thymalin the same type of peptide as Epitalon?

No. Modern publications describe Thymalin as a polypeptide complex extracted from thymus tissue. Epitalon, on the other hand, is a single synthetic tetrapeptide with the AEDG sequence.

Their research profiles also differ significantly, with Thymalin being much more strongly linked to the biology of the thymus and the immune system. [1,4]

Is Thymalin a thymic peptide?

Yes. Thymalin was developed from thymic peptide material and has been studied in the context of T lymphocytes, hematopoietic differentiation, and immune system regulation. [3–5]

These results should not be oversimplified to the claim that Thymalin is an „immune booster,” as the observed effects depend on the specific experimental or clinical context.

Is Epitalon a Pineal Gland Extract?

No. Epithalon is a defined synthetic tetrapeptide AEDG.

It was developed based on research on Epithalamin, which is an actual peptide preparation derived from pineal tissue. AEDG was later detected in the pineal polypeptide complex, which represents an additional biological link between Epitalon and pineal tissue. [1]

Did Epitalon replace Epithalamin?

Epitalon was developed to reproduce selected biological effects associated with the more complex preparation Epithalamin, and some of the older literature describes it as a synthetic analogue or active fragment. [2]

Nevertheless, Epitalon and Epithalamin remain chemically distinct substances. The development of the AEDG peptide does not mean that historical clinical data regarding Epithalamin can be automatically applied to Epitalon.

Were Thymalin and Epithalamin studied together?

Yes. An older research study involving 266 elderly participants included groups receiving Thymalin, Epithalamin, and both preparations combined. The authors reported lower mortality and other beneficial outcomes during long-term follow-up. [8]

These results require careful interpretation and specifically concern the combination of Thymalin and Epithalamin. They should not be automatically presented as evidence regarding Thymalin in combination with Epitalon.

Have Thymalin and Epitalon been studied together?

Both compounds appeared in the same laboratory research programs, including a 2022 experiment utilizing human THP-1 cells. However, they were evaluated as separate interventions rather than as a combined formulation. [15]

No robust controlled human study has been identified directly evaluating the combination of Epitalon + Thymalin. Claims of established synergy therefore remain unconfirmed.

Limitations of Comparative Evidence

One of the main limitations is terminology. Epitalon, Epithalon, and Epithalone usually refer to AEDG, whereas Epithalamin is a separate, complex pineal preparation. [1] Confusing these terms can significantly inflate the apparent amount of clinical data available for Epitalon.

Another limitation is the concentration of a significant portion of research within closely related research groups associated with Khavinson and his collaborators. This does not invalidate the published results, but it makes independent replication particularly important before drawing strong therapeutic conclusions.

Some older studies in humans also reported significant long-term results, particularly in the case of Epithalamin and Thymalin. Although historically significant, they should be analyzed taking into account the methodology, treatment allocation method, reporting standards, concurrent treatments, and the limited number of modern independent confirmations.

The term „peptide bioregulator” can also lead to overinterpretation. It reflects the terminology used in this specific research tradition and in itself does not constitute proof of efficacy or a formal regulatory classification of a drug.

Evidence obtained for a complex tissue-derived preparation also cannot automatically validate a single peptide, which may be responsible for some of its effects. Epithalamin contains multiple peptide components, whereas Epitalon consists exclusively of the defined AEDG sequence.

Finally, the more extensive historical literature regarding combinations refers to Thymalin with Epithalamin, rather than the modern Epitalon–Thymalin combination. Treating both combinations as equivalent would overlook significant differences in both chemistry and evidence.

Disclaimer

This article is for educational and scientific-information purposes only. It does not constitute medical advice, dosage or administration guidelines, therapeutic recommendations, or an encouragement to use Epitalon, Epithalamin, Thymalin, or any combination thereof.

Epitalon, Epithalamin, and Thymalin differ in chemical composition and research history, so the results obtained for one preparation should not be automatically extrapolated to the others. A significant portion of the literature is historical, preclinical, or originates from a relatively narrow network of researchers, and contemporary independent clinical confirmations remain limited.

References

[1] Araj, S. K., Brzezik, J., Mądra-Gackowska, K., & Szeleszczuk, Ł. (2025). Overview of Epitalon—Highly bioactive pineal tetrapeptide with promising properties. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(6), 2691.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062691

[2] Khavinson, V. K. (2002). Peptides and ageing. Neuro Endocrinology Letters, 23(Suppl. 3), 11–144.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12374906/

[3] Morozov, V. G., & Khavinson, V. K. (1981). Isolation, purification and identification of an immunomodulating polypeptide from human and calf thymus. Biochemistry, 46(9), 1652–1659.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7295826/

[4] Khavinson, V. K., Linkova, N. S., Kvetnoy, I. M., Polyakova, V. O., Drobintseva, A. O., Kvetnaia, T. V., & Ivko, O. M. (2020). Thymalin: Activation of differentiation of human hematopoietic stem cells. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 170(1), 118–122.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-020-05016-z

[5] Khavinson, V. K., Kozhemiakin, A. L., Morozov, V. G., & Kozhemiakin, L. A. (1990). The effect of Thymalin on biochemical and immunological indices of lymphocyte differentiation and functional activity. Problems of Medical Chemistry, 36(3), 41–43.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2382426/

[6] Anisimov, V. N., Khavinson, V. K., & Morozov, V. G. (1994). Twenty years of study on effects of pineal peptide preparation: Epithalamin in experimental gerontology and oncology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 719, 483–493.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb56853.x

[7] Kozina, L. S., Arutjunyan, A. V., & Khavinson, V. K. (2007). Antioxidant properties of geroprotective peptides of the pineal gland. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 44(Suppl. 1), 213–216.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2007.01.029

[8] Khavinson, V. K., & Morozov, V. G. (2003). Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life. Neuro Endocrinology Letters, 24(3–4), 233–240.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14523363/

[9] Korkushko, O. V., Khavinson, V. K., Shatilo, V. B., & Antonyk-Sheglova, I. A. (2011). Peptide geroprotector from the pituitary gland inhibits rapid aging of elderly people: Results of 15-year follow-up. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 151(3), 366–369.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-011-1332-x

Note: despite “pituitary gland” appearing in the indexed title, the PubMed abstract describes the intervention as Epithalamin, a peptide preparation from the pineal gland.

[10] Khavinson, V. K., Kuznik, B. I., & Ryzhak, G. A. (2013). Peptide bioregulators: The new class of geroprotectors. Message 2. Clinical studies results. Advances in Gerontology, 26(1), 20–37.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24003726/

[11] Khavinson, V. K., Malinin, V. V., Chalisova, N. I., & Grigor’ev, E. I. (2002). Tissue-specific action of peptides in tissue culture of rats of various ages. Advances in Gerontology, 9, 95–100.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12096446/

[12] Khavinson, V. K., & Morozov, V. G. (1982). Experimental and clinical study of a new immunoregulator preparation Thymalin. Military Medical Journal, (5), 37–39.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7048731/

[13] Linkova, N., Khavinson, V., Diatlova, A., Petukhov, M., Vladimirova, E., Sukhareva, M., & Ilina, A. (2023). The influence of KE and EW dipeptides in the composition of the Thymalin drug on gene expression and protein synthesis involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(17), 13377.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713377

[14] Vishnevskaia, E. E., Khavinson, V. K., & Nikolaeva, D. V. (1991). The use of Thymalin in the combined treatment of patients with disseminated cancer of the cervix uteri. Voprosy Onkologii, 37(1), 86–90.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2014686/

[15] Avolio, F., Martinotti, S., Khavinson, V. K., Esposito, J. E., Giambuzzi, G., Marino, A., Mironova, E., Pulcini, R., Robuffo, I., Bologna, G., Simeone, P., Lanuti, P., Guarnieri, S., Trofimova, S., Procopio, A. D., & Toniato, E. (2022). Peptides regulating proliferative activity and inflammatory pathways in the monocyte/macrophage THP-1 cell line. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(7), 3607.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073607

[16] Lin’kova, N. S., Poliakova, V. O., Kvetnoi, I. M., Trofimov, A. V., & Sevost’ianova, N. N. (2011). Characteristics of the pineal gland and thymus relationship in aging. Advances in Gerontology, 24(1), 38–42.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21809618/

[17] Labunets, I. F., Butenko, G. M., Magdich, L. V., Korkushko, O. V., Khavinson, V. K., & Shatilo, V. B. (2004). Effect of Epithalamin on circadian relationship between the endocrine function of the thymus and melatonin-producing function of the pineal gland in elderly people. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 137(5), 507–509.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BEBM.0000038165.09563.B5