AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide developed based on the C-terminal region of human growth hormone (hGH). Scientists designed this modified fragment to investigate whether the effect of growth hormone on lipid metabolism can be separated from its broader effect associated with organism growth [1]. In experimental models, this compound was associated with increased breakdown of accumulated fat, i.e., lipolysis, and a reduction in the formation and accumulation of fat, referred to as lipogenesis [2]. These observations formed the basis for research on AOD-9604 as a potential substance used in weight control. However, the biological activity demonstrated in the laboratory does not mean confirmed clinical efficacy.
Interest in this region of hGH stemmed from studies suggesting that certain amino acid sequences are responsible for part of the hormone’s effect on fat metabolism. The researchers modified the structure of the fragment to see if it could maintain or increase its metabolic activity. Subsequent studies included not only obesity but also bone tissue strength, changes in joint cartilage, and metabolic markers associated with the liver [3–5]. The results from these areas should be interpreted separately. Most of the data regarding bone and joint health comes from animal models, while the program of research on weight reduction in humans has yielded ambiguous results.
What is AOD-9604? Chemical structure and research assumptions
AOD-9604 is a laboratory-produced peptide derived from a short region of the human growth hormone molecule, which consists of 191 amino acids. Its development was based on the hypothesis that a modified fragment could affect fat metabolism without reproducing all the endocrine effects of a full hormone.
The term „modified” is important here. AOD-9604 and the unmodified fragment of hGH should not be automatically considered to be chemically or biologically identical substances.
Structural characteristics of a peptide
Like other peptides, AOD-9604 consists of amino acid residues linked by peptide bonds, also called amide bonds. The peptide backbone forms the basis of the molecule’s structure, while the chemical groups attached to the individual residues influence its charge, shape, stability, and interactions with the biological environment [6]. These properties help determine the behavior of the compound under experimental conditions.
The remaining amino acids contain various functional groups, including amino groups, carboxyl groups, and, depending on the type of amino acid, groups containing a hydroxyl group. They can participate in the formation of hydrogen bonds and other molecular interactions.
The mere presence of these groups does not, however, allow for the identification of a specific receptor or the demonstration that the peptide selectively activates lipid metabolism. Claims regarding the mechanism of action require experimental results, and not merely assumptions derived from the structure.
AOD-9604 in studies on bone health and osteoporosis
Although AOD-9604 was primarily studied in the context of weight control, the researchers also analyzed its effect on bone tissue.
In several studies, rats were used after ovariectomy (OVX), which is the surgical removal of the ovaries. This procedure leads to changes related to estrogen deficiency, resembling some aspects of bone mass loss after menopause.
These models help study bone remodeling, but they do not fully reproduce the osteoporosis that occurs in humans.
Fawcett's 2004 study
Fawcett studied AOD-9604 in older female rats after ovariectomy for 12 weeks [3].
Compared to animals that did not receive the peptide under study, the experimental group showed a higher bone mineral density in the thigh bones and vertebrae.
The most pronounced changes were observed in the cortical bone, which is the compact outer layer that is largely responsible for the strength of the skeleton. Mechanical measurements suggested that this part of the bone was more resistant to forces associated with fractures.
The response of the bone marrow, which forms a porous internal structure, was less pronounced.
Additional observation made the interpretation of the results more difficult: the combination of AOD-9604 with estrogen seemed to limit some of the changes observed when using the peptide alone.
This result raises questions regarding the interaction between estrogen signaling and the mechanisms under investigation. However, it does not allow determining how such an interaction would occur in humans.
Oral administration in the 2007 Rowe study
Rowe also studied rats after ovariectomy by orally administering AOD-9604 at doses of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg body weight per day for 12 weeks [4].
In both experimental groups, signs of protection against deterioration of the cortical bone properties were observed, including changes in strength parameters and susceptibility to fractures.
For some parameters of the beleczkowy bone, the smaller experimental amount of peptide produced a more noticeable response than the larger one.
The nonlinear nature of this relationship is an important scientific observation. It shows that increasing the amount of the substance does not necessarily lead to a proportionally stronger biological effect.
Since the amounts studied were used in rats under controlled conditions, they should not be extrapolated to the dosing recommendations for humans.
The oral route of administration was an element of an experimental project, and not evidence of the effectiveness of oral osteoporosis therapy.
The 2009 study by Kamikowski, Renlund and Grypasa
In a later experiment, changes resembling osteoporosis were allowed to develop for 12 weeks after the ovariectomy procedure, before AOD-9604 was started to be administered [5].
Then the rats received one of three experimental daily doses: 0.01, 0.03, or 0.25 mg/kg for a further 12 weeks.
The researchers evaluated the architecture of the coracoid and the tibial bone and their mechanical properties.
In the studied groups, indicators consistent with increased bone formation and reduced bone resorption were observed.
The thickness of the cortical bone and its mechanical strength improved, while measurements of the trabecular bone suggested greater bone tissue volume and a more favorable structural organization.
The tests also showed changes in stiffness, resistance to cracking, and strength under applied forces.
These observations were not accompanied by a significant increase in circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a hormone associated with many systemic effects of the full-molecule growth hormone.
Overall, experiments in rats provide a basis for investigating the effect of AOD-9604 on the bone system independently of conventional GH signaling.
However, they do not confirm that AOD-9604 prevents fractures, reverses osteoporosis, or increases bone density in women after menopause.
AOD-9604 is a degenerative joint disease: evidence from studies in mice
Kwon and Park studied AOD-9604 in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis in 2015 [7].
The researchers administered the peptide to arthritic joints and analyzed the results using both AOD-9604 alone and in combination with hyaluronic acid (HA), a substance also used in studies of joints.
The cartilage condition was assessed based on visible changes and microscopic examination.
In animals receiving AOD-9604, more favorable cartilage results were observed than in some comparison groups.
The combination with HA seemed to elicit a stronger response than AOD-9604 itself.
The researchers also described improvements in parameters related to returning to fitness, including a reduction in knee instability.
Ultrasonic control was used to accurately perform the experimental injections.
The results apply to the rabbit model and do not confirm clinical improvement in people with osteoarthritis.
The effects observed for the combination cannot also be attributed solely to AOD-9604, as hyaluronic acid was an additional active ingredient.
The study justifies further analysis of the responses of the articular tissues, but does not allow the peptide to be considered a fixed non-surgical method of treating osteoarthritis.
Liver studies: AOD-9604, physical activity and models of a high-fat diet
Dehbashi and colleagues published research involving mice fed a high-fat diet, used to analyze metabolic disorders and changes resembling fatty liver disease [8,9].
AOD-9604 was compared with endurance training, a full-molecule growth hormone in one of the experiments, and control conditions without intervention.
The main measurements included alanine aminotransferase (ALT), an enzyme associated with liver function, and cytokeratin 18 (CK18), a marker studied in the context of liver cell damage.
Comparison with endurance training and somatropin
In one of the eight-week studies, mice were assigned to a control group, an endurance training group, a group combining training with AOD-9604, and a somatropin group [8].
The researchers described beneficial changes regarding the amount of adipose tissue and parameters related to ALT under experimental conditions involving AOD-9604.
Another insulin-related response profile was also observed compared to the use of the full-molecule GH.
The next subject of analysis was CK18.
According to AOD-9604, it did not cause the increase in CK18 observed in the comparator group receiving GH, whereas the combination of the peptide with physical activity was associated with favorable metabolic outcomes.
However, an unchanged level of the biomarker does not mean that the substance cannot damage the liver.
Similarly, reducing ALT alone does not confirm the prevention of liver diseases.
AOD-9604 with and without physical activity
In a related eight-week experiment, the effects of endurance training and AOD-9604 were separately analyzed in mice fed a high-fat diet [9].
Four groups were compared: the control group, the training itself, the training with the peptide, and the peptide itself without training.
According to the results described, the level of ALT decreased in the groups that underwent intervention or physical activity.
The training itself caused the greatest reduction in CK18, while AOD-9604 without exercise had a more limited effect on this marker.
The researchers also described an improvement in the parameters related to insulin sensitivity in the group combining exercise and the peptide.
Observations suggest that physical activity may have significantly contributed to the results obtained, which makes it difficult to attribute the overall effect solely to the peptide.
Generally, liver research is preclinical in nature.
They do not prove that AOD-9604 treats fatty liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction, prevents liver damage, or constitutes a safer alternative to approved methods of treatment in humans.
AOD-9604 in obesity and weight reduction studies: animal and clinical evidence
Weight control was the main direction of development for AOD-9604.
The history of research includes cell experiments, models of obesity in animals, and randomized clinical trials in humans.
Evidence should be considered in its entirety, because the encouraging results from early studies have not been consistently replicated in larger clinical trials.
Lipid metabolism and the β3-adrenoceptor
Heffernan and colleagues studied the peptide in obese mice, including animals lacking the β3-adrenoceptor (β3-AR) receptor [10].
During the 14-day experimental period, AOD-9604 was associated with lower increases in body weight and changes in fat metabolism in animals with preserved receptor systems.
The lack of a sustained response to body weight in mice with the β3-AR receptor gene turned out to suggest that the pathway associated with this receptor was important for the observed effect.
However, some short-term lipid oxidation responses persisted even in the receptor-free model.
This indicated that the biological activity of the peptide cannot be explained solely by one pathway.
The researchers also evaluated markers related to glucose and IGF-1 to determine whether the modified fragment behaves differently than the full GH molecule.
In a separate proteomic study, Libinaki and colleagues analyzed changes in protein expression profiles associated with exposure to AOD-9604 [2].
Such results may help formulate hypotheses regarding energy metabolism, but the changes in protein expression alone do not confirm a clinically significant reduction in body weight.
Additional studies in obese mice and rats
Heffernan and colleagues also compared the full-length hGH molecule with a modified C-terminal fragment in obese mice [15].
Both substances were associated with changes in lipid oxidation and body mass parameters, while the fragment showed a different profile in some measurements of glucose metabolism.
The comparison led to the hypothesis that lipid-related activity could be studied without reproducing all the effects of GH.
Ng and colleagues evaluated the oral AOD-9604 in obese Zucker rats for 19 days [16].
The animals receiving the peptide gained less weight than the untreated control animals.
According to the source, no comparable deterioration of insulin sensitivity parameters was observed in this case.
This provided further animal evidence of metabolic activity following oral administration, but did not confirm the efficacy of oral administration in humans.
Early 12-week clinical trial in humans
One of the most frequently discussed clinical trials involved about 300 adults with obesity in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [11–13].
The participants received various oral doses of AOD-9604, ranging from 1 to 30 mg per day, or a placebo for 12 weeks.
These quantities describe the clinical trial protocol and do not constitute recommendations regarding use.
According to the results presented, the group receiving 1 mg per day lost an average of about 2.6 kg, compared with 0.8 kg in the placebo group.
The difference attracted interest because the study also did not report significant changes related to treatment in IGF-1 levels or insulin resistance parameters.
Some results regarding lipids and glucose tolerance were described as positive, and serious adverse events were not particularly noticeable in the summary.
However, the difference in weight loss was moderate, and a single early positive study does not rule out the final efficacy of the experimental drug.
The source material of the article is also partly based on an abstract and secondary discussion, rather than on a fully detailed report of all the research results.
These limitations are relevant when assessing the strength of the evidence available.
Larger 24-week study and completion of the development program
The next stage of the clinical program included a larger, 24-week study involving approximately 536 participants.
According to the summary in the source material, it was not possible to reproduce a sufficiently significant benefit in terms of weight reduction.
The AOD-9604 development program for the treatment of obesity was completed around 2007 [14].
This later result significantly changes the overall interpretation of the data.
To conclude that AOD-9604 is an effective method for reducing body weight in humans based solely on the favorable difference in the first 12-week study would be misleading.
The history of clinical trials shows rather how large a difference can be between promising animal results, preliminary results in humans, and the effectiveness that can be reproduced in larger trials.
Safety and tolerance AOD-9604: what was investigated?
AOD-9604 was developed in part to test whether metabolic effects could be achieved without the increase in IGF-1 or glucose metabolism disorders that may accompany the effects of the full-size GH molecule.
These issues were evaluated in several clinical and preclinical toxicology studies [17,18].
The results are important, but they do not provide evidence of the safety of each formulation, route of administration, population, or exposure time.
Results of randomized clinical trials
Stier, Vos, and Kenley summarized the safety data from six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies [17].
Under the analyzed conditions, the authors did not observe a significant increase in IGF-1, a consistent worsening of glucose regulation or insulin sensitivity, or detectable antibodies against AOD-9604.
The profiles of the reported adverse events were generally similar to those observed in the placebo groups.
The results help characterize short-term safety in controlled clinical conditions.
However, they do not confirm the safety of self-injection, products from unverified suppliers, or repeated exposure over many years.
The absence of observation of a given event in a study with a limited number of participants and a specific duration does not rule out rare adverse reactions either.
Animal toxicology and pharmacokinetics
Moré and Kenley reviewed toxicological and metabolic studies, including genotoxicity tests, chromosome studies, and experiments on rats and capuchin monkeys [18].
The tests described did not show significant signs of genetic toxicity or organ damage under the conditions analyzed.
In some of the experiments, the exposure periods of the animals reportedly reached nine months.
Pharmacokinetic studies in rats and pigs included absorption and metabolism of the substance after oral administration.
The results help describe the experimental processing of the peptide by the body, but interspecies differences, formulation differences, and route-dependent risks limit their direct application to humans.
The correct conclusion is that some controlled studies have shown a relatively favorable safety profile.
However, this does not mean confirmation of long-term safety, the establishment of an approved dosage regimen, or the demonstration that all commercially available preparations actually contain the declared substance.
Fragment of human growth hormone 176–191: a related but separate area of research
Human growth hormone consists of 191 amino acids and is involved in the regulation of growth and metabolism [19].
Its C-terminal fragment, often referred to as the hGH fragment 176–191, was studied for its lipid-related biological activity.
AOD-9604 is a modified derivative related to this research area.
However, the results regarding the unmodified fragment should not be automatically transferred to AOD-9604.
Fat metabolism and limitations of mechanistic evidence
The C-terminal region has attracted scientific interest due to the results of experiments concerning the oxidation of fats and the metabolism of adipose tissue.
These effects are mechanistic observations.
They do not confirm that fragment 176–191 or AOD-9604 provides reliable and sustained weight reduction in humans, especially in light of later results from clinical trials of AOD-9604.
Nanoparticles containing docsorubicine in breast cancer cells
Habibullah and colleagues investigated a formulation that combines the fragment hGH 176–191 with chitosane nanoparticles containing docsorubicine [19].
In experiments using MCF-7 breast cancer cells, the combined nanoparticle system showed greater cytotoxic activity than the comparator preparation described in the study.
The researchers also evaluated the properties of the substance delivery system, including its stability and its interaction with experimental targets.
This was a laboratory study of a formulation used to deliver the drug, not evidence that the peptide itself cures cancer.
The results obtained in the cultures of cancer cells do not allow determining the tumor response, safety, or survival benefits of the patients.
Moreover, the experiment concerned a fragment of hGH 176–191, therefore it should not be presented as a direct clinical result regarding AOD-9604.
Experimental doses, routes of administration, and why they do not constitute recommendations for use
The source material discusses oral dosing in clinical studies, oral administration in animal experiments, subcutaneous injection practices in rabbits, and subcutaneous injection practices described on commercial or informal websites [3–5,7,12,20–22].
These are different conditions and they should not be combined into a single recommended dosing regimen.
The published studies used specific amounts, exposure times, and formulations to answer specific scientific questions.
For example, in a clinical study on obesity, oral doses were compared over 12 weeks, whereas in bone experiments doses adapted to the body weight of rats were used.
These protocols constitute descriptions of studies, not approved instructions for self-administration.
Some non-scientific sources promote injection schedules based on micrograms, a specific time of administration relative to meals or physical activity, and multi-week cycles [20–22].
The material provided does not represent controlled clinical trials confirming such regimens.
Consequently, there is no FDA-approved regimen for self-administration of AOD-9604.
Claims about the ideal frequency of injections or the maximum safe daily dose should not be treated as recommendations based on scientific evidence.
Dissolution and storage conditions
The source also discusses the mixing of peptide preparations with injectable solvents and their storage in refrigerated conditions.
Stability, homogeneity, consistency of ingredients and storage requirements depend on the specific formulation and the control of the manufacturing process.
General statements regarding the storage of peptides cannot confirm the safety of a specific, unapproved injection preparation.
Therefore, the article does not provide instructions for dissolving or administering injections.
AOD-9604 status according to WADA and anti-doping restrictions
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) referred to AOD-9604 as a substance without an approved therapeutic use [23].
The source material cites a WADA explanation according to which AOD-9604 is subject to the rules regarding prohibited substances applicable to unapproved pharmaceutical products.
This is important for elite athletes, because the availability of substances online does not determine their permissibility under anti-doping regulations.
The WADA document referred to concerns the list of prohibited substances from 2013.
Athletes and their entourage should check the current list of prohibited substances and the requirements of the appropriate anti-doping authority.
The historical position should not be taken as a complete description of all subsequent regulatory changes.
Approval by the FDA and regulatory status
AOD-9604 was not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a treatment for obesity or any other condition.
The clinical trials discussed earlier did not provide sufficiently reproducible evidence of efficacy to justify a weight reduction indication.
Therefore, the marketing descriptions suggesting that the peptide is an approved or clinically proven weight management aid are not supported by the presented evidence.
The presence of the ingredient in an online catalog, a wellness service advertisement, or a product labeled as intended for research does not constitute proof of pharmaceutical approval, manufacturing quality, or clinical efficacy.
Regulations also vary from country to country, and the legal status of a particular product depends on a number of factors other than the name of the substance itself.
Possible side effects and unresolved safety issues
In controlled clinical studies summarized in the sources provided, no significant changes related to treatment were observed in several laboratory markers associated with the action of GH [17,18].
At the same time, the material mentions ailments such as headaches, nausea, bloating, and local irritation in discussions regarding peptide exposure.
Without data on the frequency of occurrence of these events in individual studies, they should not be presented as a precisely defined profile of adverse reactions.
Important unresolved issues include long-term exposure, rare adverse events, the impact on people with multiple co-morbid conditions, and the safety of injectable products obtained outside of regulated clinical trials.
Short-term positive results do not answer all of these questions.
Is there a dosage calculator for the AOD-9604 based on scientific evidence?
There is no clinically validated dosing calculator for AOD-9604 as an approved drug.
The studies presented in the source used experimental protocols, and the substance does not have an FDA-approved indication or a corresponding dosage regimen.
A weight-based calculator or expected result per dose for self-administration would therefore suggest a degree of clinical confirmation that the available evidence does not provide.
Can AOD-9604 affect blood test results?
In clinical studies, no consistent increase in IGF-1 was observed, nor was there any deterioration in any of the glucose-related parameters under the conditions analyzed [17].
However, this does not mean that AOD-9604 can never affect the results of laboratory tests.
Liver enzymes, lipids, glucose markers, and other parameters may vary depending on co-morbidities, study design, parallel interventions, and the individual biology of the organism.
The most reasonable statement is that the selected markers remained relatively stable in the studies cited.
The provided material does not support the broader claim that AOD-9604 does not affect routine blood tests.
Availability of AOD-9604 and product quality issues
AOD-9604 is discussed and promoted by some research material suppliers and companies related to the wellness sector.
However, commercial availability does not constitute evidence of regulatory approval or clinical benefits.
The identity, purity, absence of impurities, and concentration of the product cannot be confirmed solely based on the seller's description.
Labels such as „for research purposes” do not change the substance into an approved drug.
In an educational scientific article, questions about the chemical characteristics of the material, documentation of analytical tests, and the correct presentation of its regulatory classification are important.
The source material does not indicate a reliable purchase channel or a validated protocol for consumer use.
How was AOD-9604 administered in scientific studies?
In the research programs, more than one administration route was analyzed.
They included oral administration in clinical studies regarding weight reduction and selected animal experiments, as well as injection methods under other experimental conditions [3–5,7,12].
Each route of administration changes the scope of issues requiring evaluation, such as absorption, exposure, formulation stability, and local effects on tissues.
The research method should not be equated with established clinical prescribing guidelines.
The existence of an experimental injection protocol does not prove that the injectable product intended for consumers is safe, effective, or approved for medical use.
AOD-9604 and tirzepatide in weight control
AOD-9604 and tirzepatide appear in some of the same online discussions, because both compounds are associated with weight-related studies.
Their mechanisms of action and evidence bases differ fundamentally, however [24,25].
AOD-9604 was developed from a modified fragment of growth hormone to study lipid metabolism.
Animal experiments and early clinical studies indicated beneficial metabolic or weight-related changes, but a larger clinical trial did not confirm sufficient benefits in terms of weight reduction.
AOD-9604 does not have an FDA-approved weight control indication.
Tirzepatide is a dual agonist of the glucose-dependent polypeptide insulinotropic peptide (GIP) receptor and the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor.
Its action involves changes in the regulation of appetite, glucose-dependent secretion of insulin, and emptying of the stomach.
It has been evaluated in extensive clinical programs and is a component of products approved by the FDA for specific indications, including type 2 diabetes and chronic weight control.
Trade names and indications should be distinguished, rather than all products containing tirzepatide being treated as interchangeable.
The known side effects of tirzepatide include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea.
The risk of hypoglycemia is particularly significant when certain drugs that lower glucose levels are used simultaneously.
AOD-9604 has a much smaller and less conclusive evidence base.
Therefore, comparisons should not suggest that both compounds have equivalent, proven efficacy in reducing body weight.
And what about combining AOD-9604 with tirzepatide?
The provided material does not indicate controlled clinical trials confirming that the combination of these substances improves outcomes or is safe [24,25].
The differences in the proposed mechanisms of action do not prove that their combination brings benefits.
Without direct research, claims of complementary or cumulative effects remain speculative.
AOD-9604 a tesamorelina
Tesamorelin is a synthetic analog of the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).
It acts at an earlier stage of hormonal regulation by stimulating the secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland, and may increase IGF-1 levels.
It has an FDA-approved indication for excessive abdominal fat in adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy, in accordance with the current product description and qualification criteria [26–28].
AOD-9604 differs from tesamorelin because it is derived from a fragment of growth hormone and has been designed to study the effect on fat metabolism without the same pattern of IGF-1 stimulation.
However, unlike tesamorelin AOD-9604, it did not show sufficient efficacy to obtain a clinical indication approved by the FDA.
These compounds should not be presented as alternatives to general weight reduction.
The approved use of tesamorelin is strictly defined, and the associated risks and monitoring requirements result from its endocrine activity.
The lack of an approved indication for AOD-9604 reflects a different and much less well-documented clinical evidence base.
Is AOD-9604 prohibited or legal?
Medical use, commercial sale, and the possibility of use in sports are separate issues.
AOD-9604 is not approved by the FDA for therapeutic uses.
National regulations regarding the possession, supply, preparation of preparations, import, and testing may vary.
Therefore, it cannot be assumed that a product offered for sale in one country is legal or medically approved in another.
In competitive sports, the substance is subject to the WADA regulatory framework regarding prohibited substances [23].
Athletes should rely on current anti-doping regulations, not on promotional materials or outdated summaries.
A product advertised as a peptide supplement is not automatically allowed in sports.
What do the studies on AOD-9604 confirm, and what remains uncertain?
AOD-9604 has a comprehensive history of experimental research covering lipid metabolism, bone tissue remodeling, joint tissue studies, liver biomarkers, and safety assessment.
In obese rodents, scientists observed changes in the oxidation of fats and body weight.
In rats after ovariectomy, some studies showed an improvement in the parameters of the vertebral and pelvic bones.
In mice fed a high-fat diet, markers related to the liver changed under conditions involving peptide and physical activity [3–10,15,16].
The evidence regarding the effectiveness of weight reduction in humans is more limited and less conclusive than a single early study might suggest.
In a 12-week clinical trial, a moderate advantage over placebo was noted, but a larger 24-week study did not confirm a clinically convincing benefit, and development of the substance towards the treatment of obesity was terminated [11–14].
The results regarding short-term tolerance are valuable, but they do not confirm the safety of all routes of administration or long-term use [17,18].
The most important scientific distinction concerns experimental biological activity and confirmed clinical benefit.
AOD-9604 remains the subject of research and not a fixed method of treatment for obesity, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, fatty liver disease or cancer.
Educational note: The article summarizes the scientific material provided and does not constitute instructions for the procurement, preparation, injection, or dosage of AOD-9604. Descriptions of research protocols are not therapeutic recommendations.
References
- Stier, H., Vos, E. and Kenley, D., 2013. Safety and Tolerability of the Hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in Humans. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 3(1-2), pp.7-15. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Safety-and-Tolerability-of-the-Hexadecapeptide-in-Stier-Vos/838ae62b2cacd2b44753ee9d2584546fb9ec9f54
- Libinaki, R.; Gianello, R.; Ogru, E.; Heffernan, M.; Ng, F. . (2000). The use of proteomics to understand the action of the Anti-Obesity Compound AOD9604 in the treatment of obesity. Biochemical Society Transactions, 28(5), A261.4–A261.4. doi:10.1042/bst028a261c https://pismin.com/10.1042/bst028a261c
- Fawcett, E.E., 2004. The skeletal effects of a growth hormone-derived peptide (AOD9604) in the aged rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/1ab5818e-ccf6-4a4b-a7cf-c4e0a75f186e
- Rowe, E.J., 2007. Can a growth hormone-derived peptide (AOD9604) prevent bone loss and fragility in a rat model of osteoporosis?. https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/9cedc766-f5b6-4459-ba6b-3e67fae4e88a
- Kamikovski; R. Renlund; M.D. Grynpas. (2009). Does the growth hormone-derived peptide AOD9604 have an anabolic effect on bone??, 44(supp-S2), 0–. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2009.03.047 https://pismin.com/10.1016/j.bone.2009.03.047
- https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Unii-7UP768IP4M
- Kwon, D.R. and Park, G.Y., 2015. Effect of intra-articular injection of AOD9604 with or without hyaluronic acid in rabbit osteoarthritis model. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, 45(4), pp.426-432. http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/45/4/426.short
- Dehbashi, M., Fathi, M., Attarzadeh Hosseini, S.R., and Mosaferi Ziaaldini, M., 2021. The Effect of Eight Weeks of Endurance Training, Somatropin Injection, and Its Lipolytic Fragment (AOD9604) on Cytokeratin-18 and Liver Enzymes in Mice Induced Liver Damage Due to a High-Fat Diet. Internal Medicine Today, 27(4), pp.502-517. https://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=3621&sid=1&slc_lang=en&html=1
- Dehbashi, M., Fathie, M., Hosseini, S.R., & Ziaaldini, M.M. (2021). اثر هشت هفته تمرین استقامتی و تزریق قطعه لیپولیتیک هورمون رشد (AOD9604) بر آنزیمهای کبد و CK18 موشهای سوری القاء شده به کبد چرب غیرالکلی ناشی از رژیم غذایی پر چرب. Link
- Heffernan, M., Summers, R.J., Thorburn, A., Ogru, E., Gianello, R., Jiang, W.J. and Ng, F.M., 2001. The Effects of Human GH and Its Lipolytic Fragment (AOD9604) on Lipid Metabolism Following Chronic Treatment in Obese Mice andβ 3-AR Knock-Out Mice. Endocrinology, 142(12), pp.5182-5189. https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/142/12/5182/2988749
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- Bray, G.A. and Ryan, D.H., 2007. Drug treatment of the overweight patient. Gastroenterology, 132(6), pp.2239-2252. https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2807%2900574-4/pdf
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